Securing the Shop Floor: The Hard Road to ICS Intrusion Detection

Developing robust security for industrial control systems requires more than just applying conventional methods, and this review highlights the significant hurdles in achieving truly holistic intrusion detection.

![A residual risk score is computed by integrating semantic similarity [latex]S_{sem} [/latex], structural similarity [latex]S_{ast} [/latex], and cross-model agreement [latex] \sigma_{cross}^2 [/latex], offering a comprehensive assessment of potential vulnerabilities.](https://arxiv.org/html/2604.21051v1/x3.png)

![The study demonstrates how constraints progressively refine predictions for the mass-radius relation of neutron stars, narrowing the range of possible equations of state-from those based solely on chiral effective field theory, to those incorporating maximum mass limits [latex]M_{max} \leq 2.16^{+0.17}_{-0.15}[/latex], and finally, those informed by astrophysical observations of pulsars like PSR J0030+0451 and gravitational wave events like GW170817, ultimately revealing which equations of state persist under increasing scrutiny.](https://arxiv.org/html/2604.21039v1/plots/CQR-last.png)

