Beyond Certificates: Securing 5G with Identity-Based Encryption
A new approach to authentication replaces traditional certificate-based systems with a streamlined, identity-based encryption scheme designed for the demands of modern 5G networks and cloud infrastructure.



![A roadside unit (RSU) securely transmits data to a cloud server via a homomorphically-encrypted, iterative process-first encrypting symmetric keys, then uploading encrypted bulk sensor messages (BSMs), allowing the cloud to perform analytics on the ciphertext itself [latex] \text{without decryption} [/latex], and finally returning encrypted results for authorized decryption at the traffic management center or RSU.](https://arxiv.org/html/2602.02717v1/Figure_HHE.png)

![The ratio of coalescence differences-[latex]\frac{\mathcal{B}-\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{smooth}}}{\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{smooth}}}[/latex]- exhibits a sensitivity to source size, transverse momentum, and temperature, as demonstrated under fixed conditions of [latex]\Delta\tau=1.5[/latex] fm, [latex]\beta_S=0.5[/latex], and n=2, with right-column plots specifically referencing parameter sets from Figure 1.](https://arxiv.org/html/2602.02810v1/coal-size.png)

![Delayed update algorithms within probabilistic quantum Monte Carlo simulations of the Hubbard model on honeycomb lattices demonstrate performance gains-optimized by system-specific [latex]n_{d}[/latex] values-over fast update methods, revealing that strategic deferral of updates can substantially accelerate calculations of complex quantum systems.](https://arxiv.org/html/2602.03656v1/x6.png)